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DISCLAIMER: This presentation does not reflect the view of EFSA




 Environmental impact indices:
 what do they reveal and not?
            RR maize symposium: the European perspective
                         22-24 March 2010
                         22-




             Yann Devos (PhD) – Junior Scientific Officer
                         GMO Unit – EFSA
                   Yann.Devos@efsa.europa.eu
1. Introduction

   Aim
    – Assess and compare environmental impact of herbicide regimes
      applied in genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) maize
      with those used in its conventional counterpart
                    Residual


                                                                           Residual + foliar


                    Residual                                               Residual + foliar



                                                                                    GLY                                           GLY



                    Residual                                                                         GLY



                                                                               Residual + GLY




                                                                                                                                                       2
          sowing   pre-emergence   emergence   1 leaf stage;   2 leaf stage;         4 leaf stage;   5-6 leaf stage;   40 cm height     60 cm height

                                               3-4 cm height   3-4 cm height        4-10 cm height   10-15 cm height
1. Introduction

   Environmental impact indices
   – Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator
     (POCER) → Vercruysse & Steurbaut (2002)
       • Maize: Devos et al (2008)
   – Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) → Kovach et al (1992)
       • Maize: Leroux et al (2006); Kleter et al (2007); Brookes & Barfoot
         (2008)
       • Soybean: Kleter et al (2007); Bonny (2008); Brookes & Barfoot
         (2008)
       • Cotton: Brookes & Barfoot (2008)
       • Oilseed rape: Brimner et al (2005); Kleter et al (2007); Brookes &
         Barfoot (2008)


                                                                              3
2. POCER → Vercruysse & Steurbaut (2002)

  Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator
  (POCER) – modules
   – Annex VI of Directive 91/414/EEC
      •   3 modules for human health (non-dietary exposure)
          –   Risk to pesticide operator
          –   Risk to worker
          –   Risk to bystander
      •   7 modules for the environment
          –   Persistence in soil
          –   Risk of ground water contamination
          –   Acute risk to aquatic organisms
          –   Acute risk to birds
          –   Acute risk to bees
          –   Acute risk to earthworms
          –   Risk to beneficial arthropods                   4
2. POCER → Vercruysse & Steurbaut (2002)

         Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator
         (POCER) – formula
         –    For each module → risk is estimated via risk indices (RI)
Risk index              Estimated exposure / toxicity ratio
Pesticide operator      IE / AOEL [IE=internal exposure; AOEL=acceptable operator exposure level]
Worker                  (DE x AbDE) / (AOEL x BW) [DE=dermal exposure; AbDE=dermal absorption
                        factor; BW=body weight]
Bystander               (DE x AbDE + I x AbI) / (BW x AOEL) [I=inhalation exposure]
Persistence             10[((DT50/90)-1) x 2] ) [DT50=half-life]
Groundwater             PEC / 0.1 [PEC=predicted environmental concentration in groundwater]
Aquatic organisms       PEC / MTC [MTC=maximum tolerable concentration]
Birds                   (10 x PEC) / (LC50 x BW)
Earthworms              (10 x PEC) / LC50
Bees                    AR / (50 x LD50) [AR=application rate]
                                                                                               5
Beneficial arthropods   (RC – 25) / (100 – 25) [RC=reduction of control capacity]
2. POCER → Vercruysse & Steurbaut (2002)

  Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator
  (POCER) – calculations
   –   Integration of RI into total risk indicator
       •   Describe extent to which a chosen trigger is exceeded as a
           numerical dimensionless value
           –   Step 1 – define lower (LL) and upper limit (UL) for each RI
           –   Step 2 – calculate relative RI, LL and UL & log-transform
           –   Step 3 – determine exceedence factors (EF)
               » EF values ≤ 0 are scored as 0 → low risk
               » EF values ≥ 1 are scored as 1 → high risk
               » EF values between 0 and 1 → intermediate risk
           –   Step 4 – calculate total risk = ∑ EF values ranging between 0 and 10
               » Assumption: all components are equally important


                                                                                      6
2. POCER → Devos et al (2008)

  Herbicide regimes in conventional maize
   –   3 different strategies to control annual/perennial grasses and
       broadleaf weeds (abbreviated as CON)
       •   Pre-emergence of crop
       •   Early post-emergence, ideally in 2-4 leaf stage of maize
       •   Sequentially,
           –   where a combination of herbicides with soil (residual) activity is
               applied pre-emergence
           –   followed by a mixture of post-emergence herbicides with foliar
               activity
   –   Farmers use a combination of <3-4> active substances
   –   13 typical herbicide regimes (Flanders; Belgium)
       •   Time of application; dose; activity; weed spectrum

                                                                                    7
2. POCER → Devos et al (2008)

  Herbicide regimes in RR maize
   –   Different strategies to control annual/perennial grasses and
       broadleaf weeds (e.g., Dewar, 2009)
       •   Single or sequential application of GLY only, without relying on
           pre-emergence herbicides
       •   Use of GLY in combination with other herbicides, especially
           residual herbicides applied pre-emergence
       •   Use of GLY in a single application in combination with other
           post-emergence herbicides with residual activity
   –   10 GLY-based herbicide regimes
       •   Single vs. sequential application; dose; application timing;
           presence/absence of residual herbicide
       •   RR composition = 360 g/l

                                                                              8
2. POCER → Devos et al (2008)

  Herbicide regimes in RR maize
   –   3 regimes:
       •   Single application of GLY only (abbreviated as GLY)
       •   Application dose rates (g/ha):
           –   720 → medium efficacy (Soukup et al, 2008)
           –   900 → medium efficacy (Leroux et al, 2006)
           –   1080 → medium efficacy (Phipps and Park, 2002)
   –   4 regimes:
       •   Sequential application of GLY only (abbreviated as GLY)
       •   Application dose rates (g/ha)
           –   900 + 450 = 1350 → high efficacy (Leroux et al, 2006)
           –   720 + 720 = 1440 → high efficacy (Monsanto)
           –   900 + 900 = 1800 → high efficacy (Leroux et al, 2006; Monsanto)
           –   1080 + 1080 = 2160 → high efficacy (Soukup et al, 2008;
               Monsanto)                                                         9
2. POCER → Devos et al (2008)

  Herbicide regimes in RR maize
   –   3 regimes:
       •   Single application of GLY in combination with herbicides with
           residual activity (abbreviated as GLY+)
       •   Application dose rate (g/ha)
           –   GLY (1080) + acetochlor (2100) → high efficacy (Soukup et al, 2008;
               Monsanto)
           –   GLY (1080) + herbicide with residual activity (full dose rate)
               » S-metolachlor
               » Terbuthylazin
               » Dimethenamid-P




                                                                                 10
2. POCER → Devos et al (2008)

  Results – human health
   –   3 modules
       •   Risk to pesticide operator
           –   EF CON = [1.00]
           –   EF GLY = [0.54-0.78]
           –   EF GLY+ = [1.00]
       •   Risk to worker
           –   EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.00-0.37]
       •   Risk to bystander
           –   EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.00]
   –   If used alone, GLY has lower impact on pesticide operator than
       other herbicide regimes tested
   –   Risk to worker and bystander is low and transient

                                                                    11
2. POCER → Devos et al (2008)

  Results – environment
   –   7 modules
       •   Persistence in soil
           –   EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.00-0.03]
           –   Half lives ≤ 90 days considered low
       •   Risk of ground water contamination
           –   EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.18-0.33]
           –   Risk of ground water contamination low due to rapid adsorption in
               soil of GLY
       •   Acute risk to aquatic organisms
           –   EF CON = [0.47-1.00]
           –   EF GLY = [0.00]
           –   EF GLY+ = [0.38-1.00]
           –   GLY has low acute toxicity to fish, Daphnia and algae
                                                                               12
2. POCER → Devos et al (2008)

                Results – environment
                     –         Acute risk to birds / bees / earthworms / beneficial arthropods
                               •   EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.00]
                               •   Low acute toxicity to birds, bees, earthworms and beneficial
                                   arthropods
                         Overall conclusion
                         3,0
Exceedence factor (EF)




                                                     POCER modules
                         2,5

                         2,0                                                                  CON
       values




                                                                                              GLY
                         1,5
                                                                                              GLY+
                         1,0

                         0,5

                         0,0
                                                                                                     13
                                   Human health       Environment             Total
3. EIQ → Kovach et al (1992)

  Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) – components and
  calculations




                                                         14
3. EIQ → Leroux et al (2006)

  EIQ-methodology applied to RR maize in Canada (Québec)




                                                           15
3. EIQ → Kleter et al (2007)

   EIQ-methodology applied to GMHT crops in US
    – 2004; pesticide use survey data of National Center for Food and
      Agricultural Policy (NCFAP); percent change
    – Proportional EIQ/ha reduction of 39% in maize


Soybean                                             Ecology impact, EI/A

  Maize                                             Consumer impact, EI/A

 Cotton                                             Farmworker impact, EI/A

                                                    Total impact, EI/A
 Canola
                                                    Pesticide use, lbs ai/A
          0       20         40          60    80
              % decrease GM vs. conventional
                                                                              16
3. EIQ → Brookes & Barfoot (2008)

  EIQ-methodology applied to GMHT maize globally
   – 1997-2006; pesticide use survey data from US, Canada, South
     Africa & Argentina




                                                                   17
3. EIQ → Bonny (2008)

  EIQ-methodology applied to GMHT soybean in US
   – 1990-2006; pesticide use survey data of US Department of
     Agriculture (USDA)
      Period                   Field EIQ
      1994-1996                29.2
      2001                     20.4
      2002                     23.8
      2006                     25.7




                                                                18
3. EIQ → Brookes & Barfoot (2008)

  EIQ-methodology applied to GMHT soybean in Romania
   – 2000-2003; data from Brookes (2005)




                                                       19
4. What environmental impact indices do not
reveal?

   – (see e.g., Cerdeira & Duke, 2006, 2010; Dewar, 2009, for
     comprehensive reviews)
      •   Weed control efficacy & weed management flexibility
      •   Impact due to the adoption of conservation tillage practices
      •   Impact on human health due to pesticide residues
      •   Impact of GLY metabolites (e.g., AMPA)
      •   Risk to mammals
      •   Weed resistance evolution to GLY
      •   Weed spectrum shifts
      •   Impact on farmland biodiversity
      •   Impact on microorganisms and soil functions
      •   …


                                                                         20
5. What environmental impact indices do
reveal?

  Useful tools
   – as indicators of environmental impact of pesticides
   – to compare/rank pesticides based on environmental impact
  Herbicide regimes in maize cropping systems
   – GLY-based herbicides have a better environmental profile
     compared to those applied in conventional maize
   – Addition of herbicides other than GLY in RR maize
     reduces/cancels beneficial effect, depending on application
     dose rate of additional herbicide




                                                                   21
6. Thank YOU for your attention!

  Acknowledgments
   – Dirk Reheul & Mathias Cougnon & Robert Bulcke
       • University of Ghent; Department of Plant Production
   – Sofie Vergucht & Walter Steurbaut
       • University of Ghent; Department of Crop Protection
   – Geert Haesaert
       • University College of Ghent; Department of Plant Production
   – Gijs Kleter
       • RIKILT; Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen University and
         Research Center




                                                                       22

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Y Devos

  • 1. DISCLAIMER: This presentation does not reflect the view of EFSA Environmental impact indices: what do they reveal and not? RR maize symposium: the European perspective 22-24 March 2010 22- Yann Devos (PhD) – Junior Scientific Officer GMO Unit – EFSA Yann.Devos@efsa.europa.eu
  • 2. 1. Introduction Aim – Assess and compare environmental impact of herbicide regimes applied in genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) maize with those used in its conventional counterpart Residual Residual + foliar Residual Residual + foliar GLY GLY Residual GLY Residual + GLY 2 sowing pre-emergence emergence 1 leaf stage; 2 leaf stage; 4 leaf stage; 5-6 leaf stage; 40 cm height 60 cm height 3-4 cm height 3-4 cm height 4-10 cm height 10-15 cm height
  • 3. 1. Introduction Environmental impact indices – Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER) → Vercruysse & Steurbaut (2002) • Maize: Devos et al (2008) – Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) → Kovach et al (1992) • Maize: Leroux et al (2006); Kleter et al (2007); Brookes & Barfoot (2008) • Soybean: Kleter et al (2007); Bonny (2008); Brookes & Barfoot (2008) • Cotton: Brookes & Barfoot (2008) • Oilseed rape: Brimner et al (2005); Kleter et al (2007); Brookes & Barfoot (2008) 3
  • 4. 2. POCER → Vercruysse & Steurbaut (2002) Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER) – modules – Annex VI of Directive 91/414/EEC • 3 modules for human health (non-dietary exposure) – Risk to pesticide operator – Risk to worker – Risk to bystander • 7 modules for the environment – Persistence in soil – Risk of ground water contamination – Acute risk to aquatic organisms – Acute risk to birds – Acute risk to bees – Acute risk to earthworms – Risk to beneficial arthropods 4
  • 5. 2. POCER → Vercruysse & Steurbaut (2002) Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER) – formula – For each module → risk is estimated via risk indices (RI) Risk index Estimated exposure / toxicity ratio Pesticide operator IE / AOEL [IE=internal exposure; AOEL=acceptable operator exposure level] Worker (DE x AbDE) / (AOEL x BW) [DE=dermal exposure; AbDE=dermal absorption factor; BW=body weight] Bystander (DE x AbDE + I x AbI) / (BW x AOEL) [I=inhalation exposure] Persistence 10[((DT50/90)-1) x 2] ) [DT50=half-life] Groundwater PEC / 0.1 [PEC=predicted environmental concentration in groundwater] Aquatic organisms PEC / MTC [MTC=maximum tolerable concentration] Birds (10 x PEC) / (LC50 x BW) Earthworms (10 x PEC) / LC50 Bees AR / (50 x LD50) [AR=application rate] 5 Beneficial arthropods (RC – 25) / (100 – 25) [RC=reduction of control capacity]
  • 6. 2. POCER → Vercruysse & Steurbaut (2002) Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER) – calculations – Integration of RI into total risk indicator • Describe extent to which a chosen trigger is exceeded as a numerical dimensionless value – Step 1 – define lower (LL) and upper limit (UL) for each RI – Step 2 – calculate relative RI, LL and UL & log-transform – Step 3 – determine exceedence factors (EF) » EF values ≤ 0 are scored as 0 → low risk » EF values ≥ 1 are scored as 1 → high risk » EF values between 0 and 1 → intermediate risk – Step 4 – calculate total risk = ∑ EF values ranging between 0 and 10 » Assumption: all components are equally important 6
  • 7. 2. POCER → Devos et al (2008) Herbicide regimes in conventional maize – 3 different strategies to control annual/perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds (abbreviated as CON) • Pre-emergence of crop • Early post-emergence, ideally in 2-4 leaf stage of maize • Sequentially, – where a combination of herbicides with soil (residual) activity is applied pre-emergence – followed by a mixture of post-emergence herbicides with foliar activity – Farmers use a combination of <3-4> active substances – 13 typical herbicide regimes (Flanders; Belgium) • Time of application; dose; activity; weed spectrum 7
  • 8. 2. POCER → Devos et al (2008) Herbicide regimes in RR maize – Different strategies to control annual/perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds (e.g., Dewar, 2009) • Single or sequential application of GLY only, without relying on pre-emergence herbicides • Use of GLY in combination with other herbicides, especially residual herbicides applied pre-emergence • Use of GLY in a single application in combination with other post-emergence herbicides with residual activity – 10 GLY-based herbicide regimes • Single vs. sequential application; dose; application timing; presence/absence of residual herbicide • RR composition = 360 g/l 8
  • 9. 2. POCER → Devos et al (2008) Herbicide regimes in RR maize – 3 regimes: • Single application of GLY only (abbreviated as GLY) • Application dose rates (g/ha): – 720 → medium efficacy (Soukup et al, 2008) – 900 → medium efficacy (Leroux et al, 2006) – 1080 → medium efficacy (Phipps and Park, 2002) – 4 regimes: • Sequential application of GLY only (abbreviated as GLY) • Application dose rates (g/ha) – 900 + 450 = 1350 → high efficacy (Leroux et al, 2006) – 720 + 720 = 1440 → high efficacy (Monsanto) – 900 + 900 = 1800 → high efficacy (Leroux et al, 2006; Monsanto) – 1080 + 1080 = 2160 → high efficacy (Soukup et al, 2008; Monsanto) 9
  • 10. 2. POCER → Devos et al (2008) Herbicide regimes in RR maize – 3 regimes: • Single application of GLY in combination with herbicides with residual activity (abbreviated as GLY+) • Application dose rate (g/ha) – GLY (1080) + acetochlor (2100) → high efficacy (Soukup et al, 2008; Monsanto) – GLY (1080) + herbicide with residual activity (full dose rate) » S-metolachlor » Terbuthylazin » Dimethenamid-P 10
  • 11. 2. POCER → Devos et al (2008) Results – human health – 3 modules • Risk to pesticide operator – EF CON = [1.00] – EF GLY = [0.54-0.78] – EF GLY+ = [1.00] • Risk to worker – EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.00-0.37] • Risk to bystander – EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.00] – If used alone, GLY has lower impact on pesticide operator than other herbicide regimes tested – Risk to worker and bystander is low and transient 11
  • 12. 2. POCER → Devos et al (2008) Results – environment – 7 modules • Persistence in soil – EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.00-0.03] – Half lives ≤ 90 days considered low • Risk of ground water contamination – EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.18-0.33] – Risk of ground water contamination low due to rapid adsorption in soil of GLY • Acute risk to aquatic organisms – EF CON = [0.47-1.00] – EF GLY = [0.00] – EF GLY+ = [0.38-1.00] – GLY has low acute toxicity to fish, Daphnia and algae 12
  • 13. 2. POCER → Devos et al (2008) Results – environment – Acute risk to birds / bees / earthworms / beneficial arthropods • EF CON/GLY/GLY+ = [0.00] • Low acute toxicity to birds, bees, earthworms and beneficial arthropods Overall conclusion 3,0 Exceedence factor (EF) POCER modules 2,5 2,0 CON values GLY 1,5 GLY+ 1,0 0,5 0,0 13 Human health Environment Total
  • 14. 3. EIQ → Kovach et al (1992) Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) – components and calculations 14
  • 15. 3. EIQ → Leroux et al (2006) EIQ-methodology applied to RR maize in Canada (Québec) 15
  • 16. 3. EIQ → Kleter et al (2007) EIQ-methodology applied to GMHT crops in US – 2004; pesticide use survey data of National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP); percent change – Proportional EIQ/ha reduction of 39% in maize Soybean Ecology impact, EI/A Maize Consumer impact, EI/A Cotton Farmworker impact, EI/A Total impact, EI/A Canola Pesticide use, lbs ai/A 0 20 40 60 80 % decrease GM vs. conventional 16
  • 17. 3. EIQ → Brookes & Barfoot (2008) EIQ-methodology applied to GMHT maize globally – 1997-2006; pesticide use survey data from US, Canada, South Africa & Argentina 17
  • 18. 3. EIQ → Bonny (2008) EIQ-methodology applied to GMHT soybean in US – 1990-2006; pesticide use survey data of US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Period Field EIQ 1994-1996 29.2 2001 20.4 2002 23.8 2006 25.7 18
  • 19. 3. EIQ → Brookes & Barfoot (2008) EIQ-methodology applied to GMHT soybean in Romania – 2000-2003; data from Brookes (2005) 19
  • 20. 4. What environmental impact indices do not reveal? – (see e.g., Cerdeira & Duke, 2006, 2010; Dewar, 2009, for comprehensive reviews) • Weed control efficacy & weed management flexibility • Impact due to the adoption of conservation tillage practices • Impact on human health due to pesticide residues • Impact of GLY metabolites (e.g., AMPA) • Risk to mammals • Weed resistance evolution to GLY • Weed spectrum shifts • Impact on farmland biodiversity • Impact on microorganisms and soil functions • … 20
  • 21. 5. What environmental impact indices do reveal? Useful tools – as indicators of environmental impact of pesticides – to compare/rank pesticides based on environmental impact Herbicide regimes in maize cropping systems – GLY-based herbicides have a better environmental profile compared to those applied in conventional maize – Addition of herbicides other than GLY in RR maize reduces/cancels beneficial effect, depending on application dose rate of additional herbicide 21
  • 22. 6. Thank YOU for your attention! Acknowledgments – Dirk Reheul & Mathias Cougnon & Robert Bulcke • University of Ghent; Department of Plant Production – Sofie Vergucht & Walter Steurbaut • University of Ghent; Department of Crop Protection – Geert Haesaert • University College of Ghent; Department of Plant Production – Gijs Kleter • RIKILT; Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen University and Research Center 22